Kennedy v. Braidwood Management Inc.

The Court applied the Appointments Clause by examining whether PSTF members function as "Officers of the United States," and found they do not: the PSTF merely recommends preventive services while the Secretary of Health and Human Services retains authority to set final coverage standards, making the panel's role advisory rather than decisional. Under the non-delegation doctrine, the Court found the ACA's delegation to the PSTF sufficiently bounded by intelligible principles—the statute itself establishes the governing standard—and analogized to similar delegations to expert bodies throughout federal administrative law. Reversing the Fifth Circuit's narrower conception of both doctrines, the Court upheld the constitutional validity of the preventive-care mandate without expanding non-delegation limits in ways that would threaten existing federal programs.